透过历年真题学习考研英语翻译技巧（五）
19、理解句子时应注意些什么问题?
理解原文是翻译最关键、最易出问题的一步。译文的模糊不清很多时候是源于译者对原文理解得不透彻、不仔细。理由可以从以下几个方面来考虑:
(1)搞清句子结构，辨别主语和谓语。抓住了句子的主干，各部分之间的从属关系也就看得比较清楚，有益于从整体把握句子。
(2)理解虚拟语气。虚拟语气是英语特有的一种表达方式，它包括对现在、未来、过去的假设，在英语中有多种表现，译成汉语时一定要弄清它的对象和范围，尽量把虚拟的意思传达出来。
(3)搞清楚关系。句中如果有代词，应根据上下文找出其所指代的内容，并将其准确地翻译出来。
(4)明白否定的方式。英语思维的特点也表现在它对否定式的用法上，中国读者往往容易在这里产生错误。例如:
All that glitters is not gold(发光的未必都是金子)。
在这里是以全部否定的形式来表达部分否定的事实。英语也用双重否定表示肯定，这种现象英语中常见，汉语中并不常见，翻译时需要多加注意。
(5)一词多义。一词多义是很常见的现象。判断词义一定要根据上下文确定其具体的义，不能因为是过去认识的词便不加深究，便草率地按以前的理解翻译而产生错误。如:
There is company downstairs.楼下有客人。
如按通常的理解以为company是公司的意思，就出错了。
(6)注意英国英语和美国英语的不同。英美语言之间有很多差异，比如:英国英语中continent指欧洲大陆，而在美语中，continent却指美洲大陆;又如:英语中homely是家常的、朴素的的意思，并无贬义，在美语中却是不漂亮的。所以翻译时一定要搞清文章是英语作者还是美国作者写的。
(7)成语。成语具有约定俗成的特点，属于语言中较难理解的部分。英语的某些成语具有形象思维的特点，可以和汉语相吻合，比如:Strike the iron as it is hot.(趁热打铁)但有一个成语的含义与我们的理解大相径庭，如:Claw me and I will claw thee.(互相吹捧)所以翻译时一定要小心。
(8)语意的褒贬与轻重。翻译时还要注意词语的感情色彩，即它是褒、是贬，还是中性。这种感情色彩往往表明了作者的主观态度，好恶与爱憎。把握住它对于正确、传神的翻译是非常必要的。有时单凭个别词是难以判断的，还要根据上下文来判断，因为为达到讽刺的目的，作者可能正话反说或反话正说。
(9)注意文章的语体色彩。如果是专业文章，那么术语一定很多，叙述也较客观，少有个人色彩，翻译时应多选用正式的词语。如果是一般的叙述，则可能日常用语较多，小词和短语较多。翻译时也要注意这一点，以此来确定词语的选择。
(10)留心文化背景。中西文化的差异非常明显。比如，中国的亲戚划分非常仔细，而英文中的cousin一词对应的中文可以是表(堂)兄弟(姐妹)，可以有八个之多。
本章试以2002年真题为例，帮助考生熟悉英译汉这种题型的难易程度、出题思路，并具体指导考生如何应对。
以下为2002年真题:
经典例题25 Almost all our major problems involve human behavior，and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone.What is needed is a technology of behavior，but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn.61)One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind，feelings，traits of character，human nature，and so on.Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them.62)The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.The environment is obviously important，but its role has remained obscure.It does not push or pull，it selects，and this function is difficult to discover and analyze.63)The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago，and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood，however，effects once assigned to states of mind，feelings，and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions，and a technology of behavior may therefore become available.It will not solve our problems，however，until it replaces traditional pre_scientific views，and these are strongly entrenched.Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty.64)They are the possessions of the autonomous(self_governing)man of traditional theory，and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment.It also raises questions concerningvalues。Who will use a technology and to what ends?65)Until these issues are resolved，a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected，and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.
首先通读文章。该篇主要讲的是:我们人类的一些主要问题只有借助行为科学才能解决。而行为科学的发展与人类认知环境对人类行为的影响密切相关。研究行为的技术手段存在的前提是它取代传统的科学理论。传统理论定义的自主人所拥有的自由和尊严是要求一个人对自己的行为负责并因其业绩而给予肯定。但科学分析把这一切都归因于环境的作用。谁来使用这种技术手段?以及到什么样的程度?研究行为的技术手段只有在这些问题得到解决之后才有可能不继续受到排斥。
在通读之后，我们再来分析理解划线的句子。
一般来说，英汉两种语言在句子的结构上有较大的差异。英译汉试题中复合句、长难句较多，考生在答题时首先要弄清原文的句法结构，找出句子的中心内容，理清各层的意思，然后分析各层意思间的关系，最后按照汉语的特点译出原文。
请看第61句。这是一个复合句，结构不太复杂。句子的框架是One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to。that引导表语从句，在这个表语从句中包含了一个由what引导的宾语从句，作介词of的宾语。表语从句的主语是almost all of，谓语动词是continues。虽然这个句子有两个层次的从句，但是可以把原文的句子结构保留下来。全句译为:难题之一在于所谓的行为科学几乎全都依然从心态、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去寻找行为的根源。
再看第65句。这是一个主从复合句。句子的框架是Until these issues are resolved，a technology of behavior willand with it。until引导时间状语从句。主句如果用肯定形式，那么，这个时间状语从句翻译时可译成如果不。在主句中，and又连接两个并列的分句。it指代a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected，即指研究行为的技术手段受排斥这件事。with it possibly the only way to solved our problems之后省略了相同的谓语will also continue to be rejected。a technology of behavior在这里译成研究行为的技术手段。理顺了它们之间的逻辑关系之后，按层次把该句译为:(如果)这些问题得不到解决，研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥，解决问题的惟一方式也可能随之继续受到排斥。
除了分析清楚各层次之间关系之外，句子翻译的另一要点是:不能断章取义。考研题的英译汉是让考生将一篇短文中的划线部分翻译出来，即断章翻译。然而，划线部分是整篇文章中的有机部分，和上下文连为一体。因此，翻译时尤其要注意划线部分中的代词所指代的内容，同时在译文中反映出来，做到准确完整。
请看第62句。这是一个主从复合句。句子的框架是The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly becauseand partly because。两个partly because引导并列的原因状语从句。主句是The behavioral sciences have been slow to change。原因状语从句在句末可译成之所以是因为的句式。句中的explanatory items原意为用来解释的条目。在此句中如果这样直译，那就有失准确。因为explanatory items指代的是61句中的states of mind，feelings，traits of character，human nature。所以，应当根据上下文译为用来解释行为的依据。此句译成:行为科学之所以发展缓慢，部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察到的，部分原因是其他的解释一直很难找到。 再看第64句。这是一个由and连接的并列句。在第二个分句中又有一个介词in+which引导的定语从句，修饰practices。文中的人称代词they指代的是上句中的freedom and dignity。在翻译此句时一定要根据语意环境，译为自由和尊严。全句译为:自由和尊严是传统理论定义的自主人所拥有的，是要求一个人对自己的行为负责并因其业绩而给予肯定的必不可少的前提。
在翻译英语句子时，特别是长句时往往会碰到一些比较难翻的词和词组。所以，在确定词义时一定要从词语的搭配和句子或段落等语言单位对词义进行考虑，以保证词义理解的准确。词义的引申和词性的转换是两种重要的解题技能。它可以使译文忠实通顺，符合汉语的表达习惯。
例如:第63句。这是一个由and连接的并列句，句子的层次相对来说比较简单。但句中的难点是词组natural selection，selective role和动词formulate的翻译。natural selection译为自然选择，selective role译为选择作用。动词formulate原意为用简明的形式表示，在此应引申为阐明。
英译汉其目的是测试考生正确理解书面英语材料的能力。考试大纲规定，英译汉试题通常是一篇约400词的短文，要求考生在30分钟内根据上下文将文章中划线的5个部分译成汉语，译文应该通顺达意。短文题材一般为政治经济、社会生活、文化教育或科普知识。2002年英译汉试题译文
我们遇到的几乎所有重要问题都涉及到人的行为，而且仅靠物理技术和生物技术是无法解决这些问题的。我们所需要的是一种行为技术，但是可能产生这种技术的科学一直发展缓慢。(61)难题之一在于所谓的行为科学几乎全都依然从心态、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去寻找行为的根源。物理学和生物学一度模仿类似的做法并且只有当它们抛弃这些做法后才得到发展。(62)行为科学之所以发展缓慢，部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察到的，部分原因是其他的解释方式一直难以找到。环境因素显然是重要的，但是它的作用仍然是模糊不清的。它既不推动也不阻碍行为科学的发展，它具有选择作用，因而这种作用是很难发现和分析的。(63)自然选择在进化中的作用仅在一百多年前才得以阐明，而环境在塑造和保持个体行为时的选择作用则刚刚开始被认识和研究。然而，由于人(生物)和环境之间的相互作用已经逐渐被人们所认识，所以现在正开始从已知的环境去寻找一度认为是心态、情感和性格特征所造成的影响其根源所在。因此就可以建立一门行为技术。但是，如果行为技术代替不了传统的科学发展以前的观点，那它将无法解决我们的难题。而这些传统的观点是根深蒂固的。自由和尊严是难处之所在。(64)自由和尊严(它们)是传统理论定义的自主人所拥有的，是要求一个人对自己的行为负责并因其业绩而给予肯定的必不可少的前提。科学的分析把责任和成绩归因于环境。它还提出有关价值观念的种种问题。谁会使用一门技术?其目的何在?(65)在这些得到解决以前，研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥，解决问题的惟一方式可能也随之继续受到排斥。
注释:
1.assignto认为是造成的。例如:1)They assigned his odd behavior to his ill health.(他们认为他古怪的行为是身体不好造成的。)2)The fire was assigned to various causes.(这次火灾是种种原因造成的)
2.shiftto(onto)把推到的头上。例如:1)I mustnt shift my responsibility to[upon]you.(我不能把责任推到你身上。)2)I dont want to shift the blame onto her.(我不想把错推到她身上)
3.64题中give sb.credit for sth.意为因为而肯定某人的功劳，如:The police was given credit for keeping the public services running smoothly.(由于使公用事业顺利运转，警方受到表彰)
4.65题中with it随之。and引导一个并列的省略分句，补全后为:and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems will continue to be rejected。
练习
Now zoom forward to our present time and think of our pre_Internet communications systems as sorts of protozoa(原生动物)。What were witnessing today in the realm of cyberspacethe online reformulation of everything from the way we play and learn to how we shop and trade stocks may represent no less a world_ transforming change than the spectacular burst of creation so long ago.
One notable difference:The primeval organisms did not have a guide_book to inform them about what to expect and how to deal with some of the fabulous things to come.We do，in the recently released New Rules for the New Economy by Kevin Kelly，a founding editor of Wired magazine.
The key premise of this book is that the principles governing the world of the softthe world of intangibles，of media，of software，and of serviceswill soon command the world of the hardthe world of reality，of atoms，of objects，of steel and oil，and the hard work done by the sweat of brows，Kelly writes.Driving this economic transformation is the combination of shrinking computers and expanding communications，he says，adding:(1)We have seen only the beginnings of the anxiety，loss，excitement，and gains that many people will experience as our world shifts to a new highly technical planetary economy.Does that sound like techno_hype?
Its barely a taste of the radical and often counterintuitiverulesthat Kelly dishes out.(2)He employs an aphoristic(格言的)and，well，wired style that will easily appeal to geeks and should also turn on any mainstream readers who are a little more than curious about where the digitally rendered world is headed.
Where its likely headed，in Kellys words，isupside down。Chew，for example，on the idea thatthe surest way to smartness is through massive dumbness。What that means in essence is that tiny computer chips，though relativelydumbon their own，can be added to billions of mundane objects and，thereby，yield substantial economic benefits.Such as real time buying patterns on everything from shirts to soda cans.In the conventional world of supply and demand where we all grew up，value came from scarcity.As in，diamonds，gold and oil.In a world of digital imperatives，as Kelly correctly points out，power comes from abundance.(3)That was a principle that Apple tragically failed to understand when it backed off from licensing its graphic computer interface，assuring that its market share would be savaged by Microsofts more open Windows operating system.Which leads us to another of Kellys hardwired laws:Follow the free.In the universe of atoms，as a resource is consumed it becomes more expensive to produce.As gold is mined，nuggets(天然金块)at first may be easy，and therefore cheap，to find.But when particles of ore must be squeezed out of tons of rock，the price of gold becomes more dear.
But in what Kelly termsthe new order，the law of plentitude kicks in，leading a savvy company such as Netscape to distribute its Web browser for free in order to sell auxiliary services or products.Similarly，expensive cell phones are offered as freebies(免费的东西)to gain contracts for phone services.
Finally，Kelly tells us to look around and see how much the world has already changed under our very feet.(4)An American farmer today，for instance，may still get some dirt under his fingernails，but much of his labor is performed under the umbrella of the electronic network.The cab in his tractor has a wireless phone and a satellite_linked GPS location device;his home computer is connected to a never_ending stream of weather data，grain market reports and moisture detectors in the soil.(5)New Rules for the New Economy suggests that we might even learn something from those plucky life forms that exploded on the scene a half billion years ago.The qualities needed to succeed in the network economy can be reduced to this:a facility for charging into the unknown.
答案
文章大意: 正在日益缩小的电脑与不断壮大的通讯业的结合在推动着经济变革。《有线》杂志的创刊编辑凯文凯利在他发表的《新经济之新规则》一书中指出:网络正影响着全人类的各个领域，而网络经济使整个社会翻天覆地。而我们想在网络经济中取得成功所需的素质就是一种冲入未知领域的技能。(1)结构分析:句子的框架是We have seen onlyand gains that many people will experience as our would shifts to。关系代词that引导定语从句，修饰先行词the anxiety，loss，excitement，and gains。as引导时间状语从句。shift to在此句中译为转变。gains在此句中应转译为成就。
参考译文:我们看到的仅仅是我们的世界向一个新的高科技全球经济转变时许多人将体验到的焦虑、失落、激动与成就的开端。
(2)结构分析:句子的框架是He employs an aphoristicstyle that will easily appeal toand should also turn onreaders who。关系代词that引导定语从句，修饰style。在此从句中包含了由关系代词who引导的定语从句，修饰先行词any main_stream readers。where the digitally rendered world is headed作介词about的宾语。main_stream readers在此译为主流读者。
参考译文: 他采取的是一种格言式的而且还是有线的风格，很容易吸引那些怪人，而且吸引那些主流读者的兴趣，他们对这个数字化世界的发展前途多少都有点好奇。
(3)结构分析: 句子的框架是That was a principle that Applewhen it backed off from，assuring that its market share would。本句的主句是That was a principle。关系代词that引导定语从句，修饰先行词principle。when引导时间状语从句。现在分词短语assuring that充当that引导的定语从句的原因状语。名词从句that its market share would be savaged by作assuring的宾语。principle指代上文的power comes from abundance这一原则。back off原意为屈服，让步，在此句中译为放弃。
参考译文:苹果电脑公司悲剧性地未能理解这一原则，它放弃了它的图形电脑界面的
销售许可，因为担心自己的市场份额会被微软更开放的视窗操作系统无情地侵占。
(4)结构分析: 句子的框架是An American farmermay still get some dirt，but much of his labor is performed under。这是一个由but连接的并列句。dirt在此句中译为污泥，泥巴。under the umbrella of应转译为在覆盖下。
参考译文: 比如今日的美国农民，也许指甲盖里仍藏着些许污泥，但他的许多劳作都是在电子网络覆盖下进行的。
(5)结构分析: 句子的框架是New Rules for the New Economy suggests that we might even learnlife forms that exploded on the scene。that we might是宾语从句，作suggest的宾语。在这个从句中包含了由关系代词that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词plucky life forms。explode原意为爆发，爆炸，在此句中译为急速增长。life forms指文中的原生动物。