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考研英语语法分词解析(三)

2014-07-03 02:07:28
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三、分词的否定式

分词或分词短语表示否定意义时,将not置于分词之前,不能放在分词之后。

例句: Equipment not conforming to official safety standards has all been removed from the workshop. (2001年第24题)

分析: 该句是简单句。not conforming to official safety standards是分词短语作后置定语修饰equipment。

译文: 凡是不符合官方安全标准的设备都已经搬出了车间。

例句: Not having been destroyed by the heavy snow, our houses at last were kept perfect during last winter.

分析: 该句是简单句。 Not having been destroyed by...在句中作状语表示原因,相当于because our houses had not been destroyed by...。

译文: 由于没有遭到大雪的破坏,去年冬天我们的房子最终完好无损。

四、独立主格结构(Absolute Construction)

分词作状语时,分词的逻辑主语要与句子主语保持一致,即句子的主语便是它的逻辑主语,否则就会出现悬垂或荡空结构(前面已讲过),但有时分词有其独立的逻辑主语,即分词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致,这就是独立主格结构。

(一)独立主格结构公式

逻辑主语A+分词(短语)+主B谓

在上述公式中,其中(逻辑主语+分词短语)属于独立主格结构,主谓是一完整句子,两者位置可以相互调换,A、B两主语不一致(A、B由名词或代词充当,有时也可在逻辑主语A前加上介词with或without),如前面所述例句。

例句: All flights having been canceled because of the snowstorm, we decided to take the train.

分析: All flights...the snowstorm是独立主格结构部分, we decided...为一完整句子, all flights和we所指不一样,即分词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致。另外,公式中分词短语也可用不定式、形容词等来代替。

(二)独立主格结构具体构成

1. 逻辑主语+分词(现在分词或过去分词)

例句: The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports, each making one major point in contrast with the other. (1996年第5题)

分析: 该句是简单句。分词each making...在句中作同位语,对two news reports做进一步解释,可以改成...two news reports, and each makes...。

译文: 本文开头和结尾描述了两则新闻报道,每则都各有一个与另一则相对立的论点。

例句: A new technique worked out, the yields as a whole increased by 20 percent.

分析: 该句是简单句,A new technique worked out是一独立主格,在句中作状语表示原因,可改为because a new technique had been worked out。

译文: 由于进行了技术创新,整个产量增加了20%。

2. 逻辑主语+介词短语

例句: Mr. Chen stood there, (with)a cap on his head.

分析: 该句是简单句。(with)a cap on his head在句中作状语表示伴随,相当于and a cap was on his head.

译文: 陈先生站在那里,头上戴了一顶帽子。

3. with/without+逻辑主语+分词

例句: Just as the value of a telephone network increases with each new phone added to the system, so does the value of a computer system increase with each program turns out.(1997年第7题)

分析: 该句是并列句。其中with each new phone added to the system相当于because each new phone has been added...。so does...为一倒装结构,表示前面所陈述情况适合于后者。

译文: 正像网络电话的价值随着每一部新电话进入系统而提高一样,电脑系统的价值也随着每一个软件的开发而提高。

例句: With prices fluctuating so much, it?s hard for the company to plan a budget.

分析: 该句是简单句。With prices fluctuating so much在句中作状语表示原因,相当于because/since/as prices fluctuate so much。

译文: 由于价格波动太大,公司难以做出预算。

例句: Without anything left in the kitchen, he had to go out to get something to eat.

分析: 该句是简单句,Without anything left in the kitchen在句中作状语表示原因,相当于because there were not anything left in the kitchen。

译文: 由于厨房里什么都没有,他不得不出去找吃的。

例句: When I came to my senses, I found myself wrapped up in bed in my little room, with grandma bending over me. (2000年第28题)

分析: 该句是复合句。独立主格结构with grandma bending over me在句中作状语表示伴随,相当于and grandma bent over me。

译文: 当我苏醒过来时,发现自己躺在那间小房子的床上,身上被盖得严严实实的,奶奶正俯身注视着我。

例句: For much of the past year, President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a saving-account model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. (选自2007年Text 3)

分析: 该句是简单句。主干部分为President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a saving-account model,其中不定式to move...model作目的状语,with retirees trading much or all of...在句中作同位语,对前面名词model做补充说明,相当于and retirees traded much or all of...,分词短语depending on investment returns作定语修饰payments。

译文: 在过去这些年里,布什总统一直在推动一场运动,试图将社会保障体制改革成储蓄账号模式,就是让退休人员用其所得到的大部分或全部退休金换取由投资所带来的收益。

4. 逻辑主语+不定式

例句: The football game ended with Chinese team defeated, the details to be reported this afternoon.

分析: 该句是简单句。the details to be reported this afternoon在句中作状语表示伴随,相当于and the details were to be...。

译文: 足球比赛以中国队失败而告终,详细情况会在下午公布。

5. 逻辑主语+形容词/副词

例句: Teachers and students stared at each other, their eyes full of doubt.

分析: 该句是简单句。their eyes full of doubt在句中作状语表示伴随,相当于and their eyes were full of doubt。

译文: 师生们互相注视着,满脸狐疑。

例句: Breakfast over, students went out the dining-room one by one.

分析: 该句是简单句。breakfast over在句中作状语表示时间,相当于When/After breakfast was over.

译文: 早饭结束后,学生们相继走出餐厅。

(三)独立主格结构用法

1. 表示时间

例句: The heavy rain being over, the soldiers went on their way. (When/After the heavy rain was over...)

分析: 该句是简单句。the heavy rain being over在句中作状语表示时间。

译文: 大雨过后,士兵们继续赶路。

2. 表示原因

例句: An important lecture to be given tomorrow, the professor has to stay up late into the night. (Because an important lecture is to be given tomorrow,...)

分析: 该句是简单句。an important lecture to be given tomorrow在句中作状语表示原因。

译文: 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲,教授不得不熬夜到很晚。

3. 表示条件

例句: Everything taken into consideration, her plan seems more practicable. (If everything is taken into consideration,...)

分析: 该句是简单句。Everything taken into consideration在句中作状语表示条件。

译文: 如果把一切都考虑进去,她的计划似乎更可行。

4.表示伴随

例句: A large quantity of golden-fish were quietly swimming at the bottom of the lake, their tails swinging back and forth like the pendulum of a clock. (..., and their tails were swinging...)

分析: 该句是简单句。their tails swinging...a clock在句中作状语表示伴随。

译文: 一群群金鱼在湖底静静地游着,它们的尾巴好似钟摆一样前后摇晃。

5.表示同位语(表示对前面名词作进一步解释)

例句: Good news was sometimes released prematurely, with the British recapture of the port announced half a day before the defenders actually surrendered. (Good news was...prematurely; the British recapture of the port was announced half a day...)(2001年第2题)

分析: 该句是复合句。with the British recapture of the port announced half a day在句中作news的同位语,对它做补充说明。

译文: 好消息有时是提前发布的,在防御部队真正投降的半天前,英国人就宣布已夺回港口。

6.表示补充说明

例句: There were 30 entrants for this oral English competition, the youngest being a girl of 10.(..., and the youngest was...)

分析: 该句是简单句。the youngest being a girl of 10在句中对entrants做进一步补充说明。

译文: 参加这次英语口语比赛的有30名选手,其中最小的是一位10岁的小女孩。

由此可见,独立主格结构和状语从句可互相转换,方法是首先在独立结构前加上相应的连词,其次把独立结构中的分词转变为谓语动词,反之亦然。

(四)独立主格结构特点

(1)不是句子(因为它由逻辑主语+分词短语构成,分词短语属于非谓语动词);

(2)可在句中作状语(是分词作状语的一个特殊情况);

(3) 两边主语不一致(即独立主格结构的逻辑主语和句子主语不一致)。

(五)独立主格结构的做题步骤

先看例题:

Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office, but our work, we declined

the offer.

A.not being finished B.not having finished

C.had not been finished D.was not finished

译文: 沃特离开办公室时邀请我们搭他的便车,但由于我们工作未完成,于是就谢绝了他的好意。

分析: 该题属于并列复合句。从对本题的分析,可以体会出语法在学习英语方面至关重要,分析方法如下:

方法一:从题干可以看出,but前一分句是一个复合句,由于but连接两个并列句。our work应该是从句,但其前没有连词,因此它只能在句中作一成分,于是排除C,D选项。另外,由于工作与完成之间是被动关系,也就可以排除B选项,因为B选项为现在分词完成式,表示主动,由此得出答案为A选项。

方法二:从but后一句中我们可以从句意判断我们拒绝搭车是由于工作未完成,因此our work在句中作状语表示原因,由于其前省略连词,而独立主格结构完全符合这一表达形式,即逻辑主语A+分词(短语)+主B谓结构。句中our work为分词not being finished的逻辑主语,如果在but后加一连词because/as或在we declined the offer前加一连词so,那么正确答案则为D项,因此整个句子相等于Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office, but because/as our work was not finished, we declined the offer.

所以独立主格结构特点为:

1.表面上看似并列句;

2.从语意上判断却有着某些方面的主从关系;

3. 没有表示主从关系的关系词。

利用这些特点,我们不难得出下述选择题的正确选项:

, we have to adopt new measures to solve the problem.

A. So is the situation B.That being the case

C. That is the case D.The situation is so

译文: 如果情况是这样,那么我们就不得不采取新的措施来解决这个问题。

分析: 由题干可看出,横线中要填的句子内容和句子we have to...似乎为两并列句,但从句意上判断,表面上的两并列句其实隐含着某些方面的主从关系,表原因或条件,但却没有表原因的关系词because,since,as或so,也没有表条件的if,所以横线上要填的应是句子的成分,而不是一个完整的句子,故选B。(相当于Because/If that is the case,we...)

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