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考研英语语法分词解析(二)

2014-07-03 02:07:01
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二、分词的用法(Usage)

(一)充当定语

分词常用来修饰名词或代词,单个分词作定语放在所修饰词之前,分词短语作定语放在所修饰词之后;但有些过去分词也可放在所修饰词之后,分词短语作定语置于句中时相当于一个省略关系词的定语从句。

例句: How many of us attending(=who are attending), say, a meeting that is irrelevant to us would be interested in the discussion?

分析: 该句是复合句。主干部分为How many of us would be interesed in the discussion。 that is irrelevant to us是修饰a meeting的定语从句, say作插入语,可译为比方说, attending... a meeting作定语修饰us。

译文: 假如我们参加了一个与我们无关的会议,有多少人会对讨论感兴趣呢?

例句: It is easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague changes taking place(=which takes place)in our ever-changing world.

(1999年第3题)

分析: 该句是复合句。it是形式主语,to blame the decline of...是真正的主语,分词短语taking place in our ever-changing world修饰changes。

译文: 人们很容易把交谈减少归咎于现代生活的节奏以及在我们这个不断变化的世界中所发生的某些不太清楚的变革。

例句: On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning.

(2008年第48题)

分析: 该句是复合句。在英语中,谓语动词后如果跟了篇幅较长的宾语,往往会将宾语补足语前置到宾语前面。此句的正常语序是:he(主语)+did not accept(谓语)+the charge(宾语)as well。本句中,分词短语made by some of his critics修饰charge,that引导的是一个同位语从句在说明和解释charge,其中又包含了一个while引导的让步状语从句。

译文: 另一方面,某些人批评他虽然善于观察,却不具备推理能力,而他认为这种说法也是缺乏根据的。

例句: The emphasis on data gathered first-hand (=which have been gathered), combined with (which have been combined with) a cross-cultural perspective brought to (= which has been brought to) the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.(2003年第 63题)

分析: 该句是简单句。主干部分为The emphasis makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science, a unique and distinctly important social science在句中作宾语this study的补足语,gathered first-hand及combined with a cross-cultural perspective作定语修饰data, brought to the analysis of cultures past and present作定语修饰perspective。

译文: 强调收集第一手资料,加上分析过去和现在文化时采用跨文化视角,使得这种研究成为一门独特的并且非常重要的社会科学。

(二)充当表语

分词或分词短语放在系动词be, become, get, remain, seem, stay后作表语。现在分词作表语表示主语的性质或正在进行的动作,过去分词作表语则表示主语所处的状态。

例句: Mrs. Green has been living in town for only one year, yet she seems to be acquainted with everyone who comes to the store. (1996年第23题)

分析: 该句是复合句。who comes to the store是修饰everyone的定语从句,短语be acquainted with sb.意思为与某人相识,熟悉。

译文: 格林女士住在城里仅一年,可是,她似乎认识来到这个商店的每一个人。

例句: Dozens of scientific groups all over the world have been pursuing the goal of a practical and economical way to use sunlight to split water molecules. (1996年第25题)

分析: 该句是简单句。介词短语of a practical and economical way作定语修饰goal,不定式to split water molecules作状语表示目的。

译文: 全世界几十个科学团体一直在寻求利用太阳光分解水分子既实用而又经济的方法。

例句: Consumers seem only mildly concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economys long-term prospects even as they do some modest belt-tightening. (选自2004年Text 3)

分析: 该句是复合句。they remain optimistic about...在句中作say的宾语从句,even as they do some modest belt-tightening是一让步状语从句。

译文: 消费者似乎只是略有担心,并不恐慌,许多人还说,即使稍微勒紧裤带,他们对经济的长远发展仍然感到乐观。

(三)充当补足语

1.宾语补足语

现在分词常放在感官动词see, look at, hear, listen to, feel, smell, notice, observe, watch, find后以及使役动词get, have, keep, set, send, leave后作宾语补足语。

过去分词常放在see, hear, watch, get, keep, leave, have, like, want, wish, order等词后作宾语补足语。

例句: My students found the book enlightening:it provided them with an abundance of information on the subject.(1997年第24题)

分析: 该句是并列句,冒号后内容对其前内容做进一步说明。

译文: 我的学生发现这本书很有启发性,因为它向学生提供了这一科目的大量信息。

例句: Canadas premiers(the leaders of provincial governments), if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting, might spare a moment to do something, together, to reduce heath-care costs.(选自2005年Part B)

分析: 该句是复合句,主句部分为Canadas premiers might spare a moment to do something,together,to reduce heath-care costs;after complaining about...的完整形式为after they are complaining about...。

译文: 加拿大省府的官员们如果在7月下旬年会上对中央政府大发牢骚之后还有力气的话,他们应该花一点时间来做一些实事,尽量减少健康福利的支出。

2.主语补足语

把主动语态转换成被动语态,原先主动语态中的宾语补足语也相应地转变为主语补足语。

例句: I was left wondering what he was driving at by his equivocal remark.

分析: 该句是复合句。what he was driving at作wondering的宾语,wondering作主语补足语成分,其中短语drive at意为企图,意图,暗示。

译文: 他模棱两可的言语不禁使我纳闷:他到底是啥意思。

例句: I am kept informed by Professor Richard of the latest developments in genetic engineering in his country.

分析: 该句是简单句。短语keep sb. informed of意为使某人了解或掌握某事。

译文: 理查德教授给我讲解了他的国家基因工程的最新进展。

(四)充当状语

分词作状语是分词重要用法,可以表示时间、原因、方式、条件、让步、结果和伴随情况,分词作状语时,其逻辑主语(表示分词动作发出者,是隐含的)与句子主语保持一致,否则就会产生悬垂或荡空结构。

因此得出分词作状语的公式,即:分词(短语)+主谓。在该公式中,分词(短语)与主谓位置比较灵活,可以前后调换,主谓为一完整句子,该句的主语与分词(短语)的逻辑主语保持一致,另外,分词在句中作状语,可以根据所表示内容的不同将其改为相应状语从句。

例句: Having read for a long time, his eyes felt uncomfortable.

分析: 句中having read是分词短语作状语表示原因,而该句主语his eyes并不能作它的逻辑主语,即产生悬垂或荡空结构,所以应改为:Having read for a long time (because he had read for a long time), he felt uncomfortable/he felt his eyes uncomfortable.

分析: 该句是简单句。分词短语having read for a long time在句中作状语表示原因。

译文: 由于长时间看书,他感到眼睛不舒服。

例句: Changing from solid to liquid(When water changes from...),water takes in heat from all substance near it, and this absorption produces artificial cold surrounding it.

(1996年第29题)

分析: 该句是并列句。介词短语from all substance near it在句中作状语,表示范围(地点),分词短语changing from solid to liquid在句中作状语,表示时间。

译文: 水从固态变成液态时,吸收它周围所有物质的热量,而这种吸收造成了它周围的非自然低温状态。

例句: Continued exposure to stress has been linked to worsened functioning of the immune system, leaving(and this leaves)a person more liable to infection.

(2000年第20题)

分析: 该句是简单句。分词leaving a person...在句中作状语表示结果。

译文: 持续不断地处于紧张状态已经被证明与免疫系统功能下降有关,这样会使人更容易受到感染。

例句: At the end of adolescence, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life. (选自2009年Text 1)

分析: 该句是复合句。句子主干是the brain shuts down half of that capacity,分词短语preserving only...作状语,表示伴随, that have seemed...是一个修饰modes of thought的定语从句,介词短语during the first decade or so of life是定语从句中的时间状语。

译文: 然而,在人类青春期过后,大脑就会关闭一半的这种能力,仅仅保留那些在人生最初十几年中看起来最有价值的思维模式。

另外,为了明确表示时间、条件、让步等,有时可在分词前加when,while,if,though等连词。

例句: More recently, while examining housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English-speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industrys work. (选自2009年Text 3)

分析: 该句是复合句。句子主干是the researchers discovered that...,that后是discovered 的宾语从句,while examining housing construction是时间状语从句,相当于while researchers were examining...,介词短语despite the complexity of...作让步状语。

译文: 最近,在检查房屋建设时,研究人员发现尽管建筑行业工作的复杂性很高,但是在得克萨斯州的休斯敦市,那些没受过教育、不会讲英语的墨西哥工人总是可以达到劳动生产率的最高标准。

例句: Though raised in San Francisco, Dave Mitchell had always preferred to record the plain facts of small-town life.

分析: 该句是简单句。Though raised in...在句中作状语表示让步,相当于从句Though he was raised in...。

译文: 尽管戴夫米切尔出生在旧金山长大,但他总是喜欢记录小镇平凡的生活。

例句: When asked what they want to do, they should be discouraged from sayingI have no idea. (选自2007年Part B)

分析: 该句是复合句。what they want to do作asked的宾语,When asked...相当于When they are asked...。

译文: 当问及他们将来想干什么时,应当阻止他们回答说我还没想好。

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